The Chi-Square Breakdown

The Chi² Breakdown

How much deviation can occur before one must conclude that something other than chance is at work, causing the observed to differ from the expected?

One of the most used method for measuring varying frequencies or proportions is the Chi-square test. It is utilized to determine a particular proposition or hypothesis whether the observed data would deviate from those that are expected. The Chi-square test is a type of univariate analysis, a type that evaluates the possible effect of the independent variable (i.e. age) to the dependent variable (outcome – perception of a certain situation). It is an analysis of measure of fit or typically tagged as goodness of fit between the gathered data.

The Chi-square analysis is used to test the null hypothesis, the hypothesis which states that there is no relationship between the independent variable to the dependent variable or there is no significant difference between the expected from the observed. After comparing the value of Chi-square to the assumed probability distribution, one would be enforced either to accept or reject the null hypothesis. Those values with low probability leads to the rejection of the null hypothesis and is assumed that there’s reason or cause other than chance that created a sizeable deviation between expected and observed results.

The Answer

First determine the degree of freedom (df) which is the number of categories in the problem minus one. Then determine a relative standard to serve as the basis for accepting or rejecting the hypothesis, compute for the Chi-square value. Then refer to the Chi-square distribution table.

If the value of the degree of freedom is greater than the Chi-square value, accept the null hypothesis – there’s no relationship.

The Death of Pluralism

ANTO COMETA

Individual responsibility and accountability.
Independence and self-reliance.
Productivity.

UP SOLAIR: 2008, The Year That Was

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AVP - UP SOLAIR: 2008, The Year That Was. Happy viewing :-)

Cut Me Some Labor Slack

ANTO COMETA

Just after I was discharged from the hospital I finished my thirteen-page (nice number isn’t it?) policy paper for my Labor Law II class (IR 207.2 – Labor Standards, Justice and Equity). It dealt with some provisions from the Philippine Labor Code as well as the country’s Constitution that need to be modified and reinforced in order to address some issues that the labor sector specifically the women workforce is currently facing. To be quite honest about it, I’m not that pleased with the output. It was rushed since it was already due and I still have to review for my final exam for that same course. Luckily, I already finished all the requirements from my other class before I was hospitalized and that’s the remaining class that I have to deal with. Anyway, I already took my final exam and just right after I forwarded my test paper to my lawyer professor - Fiscal Gerardo Sadsad I just realized that it was the end of my semester. It was indeed tedious yet exultant semester for me.

My semester has ended, and I’m getting my diploma in Industrial Relations. One more semester to go and I’ll be doing my master’s thesis which until now still undecided on the topic that I’ll be covering. For now, I’ll have a couple of weeks off from doing SOLAIR stuff. Well, not totally. I still have a planning session to attend to with the student council.

I miss writing IR-related stuff, I guess after this entry I’ll post one.

I’m Back!

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After being dead sick (literally), being confined in the hospital and spending more than fifty thousand for just three days, I’m back! That was the worst in my life so far, worse than the vehicular accident I experienced in Laguna years ago. I thought I was about to die (seriously), I was quite lucky that I had a first-rate doctor - a consultant of the hospital who took good care of me , although I have to say that his professional fee (including the hospital bill) was way above the stars. Nonetheless, he’s good. Actually, all the doctors I encountered were quite good, for some medical-work-related reason or the other (and it just reminded me of someone, a very special someone in the past).

Being confined in the hospital was not that bad, except of course for the bill. I have mulled over some life-related matter (which I would not discuss publicly) that should be addressed aptly and at the soonest possible time – ang nagagawa nga naman ng walang magawa ay kung hindi mag-isip.

There are a lot of things that I’m so grateful about and people other than my family I that I owe big time and should be given supreme appreciation, as in to the highest level (sounds like some remark of a certain female dj of a local fm station that I usually hear in the morning going to work). It just re-affirmed that indeed you guys are really for keeps no matter what.

Top 5 Things I Hate (and Love) About You

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5. You’re not sweet and appreciative. Every time I give you something it is as if you would say “I could also buy that”, and you wouldn’t even say thank you, which made me think that you wouldn’t need those that I would be giving you. So, I don’t have to give you anything.

4. You always ask me if I really love you. It pisses me off because it is as if I don’t. What do you want me to do just to make you realize that I really do? But at least I wouldn’t have to think of any other answer bundled with a justification. I’ll just say yes and we’ll cuddle.

3. You’re skeptic and paranoid most of the time particularly with what I do when we are not together. If I’ll put in Rene Descartes’ philosophical context, you’re in search of the truth. Although I know that you’re just negative about everything. At any rate, I love Descartes, one of my favorite thinkers back in my undergraduate years - Cogito, ergo sum.

2. We always argue even with the littlest thing. I could just take no notice of it so not to make things worse but it stimulates me, I have to win over the argument, it reminds me when I was part of the debate society.

1. If you’re jealous, you’re attentive with what I have to say and most of the time you would just stare at me. In those cases your eyes and head are just fixed and focused at me and not performing the exorcist thing. Made me feel so secured – the only apple of your eyes.

Nice Words to Hear

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Kahit habang buhay maghihintay ako sa ‘yo.
Asahan mong hindi magpapalit itong damdamin ko.

- Early 90’s Singing Group

Just a wishful thought which has no element of rationality. In your case just, pure words that has no sincerity. We don’t have reasons to believe each other. We have trust issues.

But you have more than I do.

Let’s talk after we have resolved those issues within ourselves. Maybe it would workout by then, maybe.

Unusually Familiar and Disturbing

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Last Saturday was a deviation from my usual after-class routine. Lanie was not feeling well so she decided to go home instead of staying and doing what we had been doing for the past couple of months, our Havana Fun – singing at a KTV establishment along Visayas Avenue and drinking while injecting some labor, society-related and personal stuff (usually gossips) as part of the conversation while Jef is sleeping. I was banking on luck that Lanie would change her mind. I asked her for one last time if she could. Unfortunately, she said she really can’t so we decided not to have our Havana Fun that night and just have our dinner.

After we had our dinner at Grill Queen along Maginhawa St. in Teachers’ Village people decided to split and have their own individual fun particularly the council’s chairperson (Mcrhon joke lang). Jab was oddly happy that night – no wonder Mcrhon uttered nadiligan ka yata kagabi kaya masaya ka noh? Jab was asking where to get a ride going home since she’s not familiar with the general area, although it’s quite weird since she’s been residing near the area for several years. Mcrhon and Jab decided to take the Philcoa route.

A week before that was quite taxing for me. The symposium I organized together with Atty Bitonio (former Usec of DOLE and Chair of NLRC) which took months was finally carried out. I’m thankful to the rest of the council for helping me on that activity although I have my share of gripe before and after its implementation because of several concerns which were not properly addressed. Nonetheless, I’m grateful that it has already ended (for those who would want to grab copies of the materials used by the speakers visit the UP SOLAIR Student Council site – www.upsolairsc.wordpress.com). I was hoping that I could "de-stress” that night but to no avail.

We went to the bus station in Cubao to drop Lanie. After we dropped her off at the terminal we went to Treehouse to meet Eumel. We have to meet him since we already talked about it that afternoon and that he said that he’ll be joining us after his class but unfortunately things didn’t go as it was suppose to be. He was not informed when people decided not to have our Saturday session, I totally forgot about it, so to be well-mannered enough I decided to meet him even if it’s just the three of us. I had my favorite “detoxi-flying drink” of course, minimal amount such as a glass serves as detox (quite healthy), more than that makes me high (very happy). Middle of the conversation, Eumel popped in a topic about break up. Of all topics that one could think of he really did inject something that I don’t like to hear, well, I guess just for that night. Actually it’s not about the break up of that couple, but he has already shared one last week. The first one he shared was so depressing and the primary reason I don’t want to hear it was because I want to remove the stress that I have accumulated over the week and a post-celebration of the symposium and not to distress myself just by listening.

Those stories he shared were quite familiar, but the unusual thing was he was so affected about those break ups to the extent that if ever he’ll see the person who wronged the aggrieved party he’ll slap and torture that individual. A considerable level of sympathy (or empathy which ever is the case) is understandable but this one is beyond the mark. At that point I was quite alarmed and troubled, not with the break up stories but with Eumel. After finishing our “healthy and wholesome” drinks we parted ways. It was a night for me… a disturbed night.

Disappointment

ANTO COMETA

It’s getting worse by the day.

You don’t have to yell. It wouldn’t help at all. I wouldn’t listen, because that’s not the way to convince me.

There are a lot of things I hate about you. You even justified those as who you are. Part of your being that you cannot live without. I cannot change those; you’ve been living with those your whole life, quite the unusual, far from my standards.

I subdued myself for this to work. I tried, I tried hard. You might have noticed that. I sacrificed, you did too. But what’s happening right now is very much troubling and we both know that.

I just try to entertain myself with things that are superficial so not to dwell on those aching feelings that I have.

I’m not trying to be righteous, nor try to persuade you that my points are far more superior to yours. There were, there are and would be sentiments and views that may be wrong, no doubt. I’m not even trying to defend my side. I’m just explaining my actions. I just want you to know where my frustrations are coming from, frustrations you consider petty.

Nothing more, nothing less.

Lifeless

ANTO COMETA

Just a couple of bottles to remove the inhibitions and to start the release of the angst …

Didn’t you notice for sometime now that the things that we’ve been doing are things that do not stir the commitment we have given to each other? The way I look at it, the way I feel it, it’s becoming a motionless relationship, the type that nears stagnation which would eventually be inert. I just don’t feel you anymore.

Are we drawn to actions that are routinary, those that are performed because we have been accustomed to? Those things which are done because they are deemed as basic requirements for this relationship to go on, without those, this commitment of ours would not be different from the others that I have – with my family, with my friends. If those things were removed, I don’t think that this relationship would be even called as the way it is defined.

Perhaps the ways that we look at a lot of things are very different. Obviously, those are. I’m trying to understand, I try to compromise, settle with what you give, settle with what you do. But give me something to believe, something concrete to hold on to because I’m on the brink of loosing my grip.

Am I asking too much?

Romance Suck(er)s!

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For a very good friend who inspired me because of what she wrote in her blog…

Would you rather not aim for something ideal or something that can make you smile every time you (would) remember episodes that are deviations from the normal routine of that someone?

Reality can be quite devastating particularly in most relationships which just end in the trash bin. Most people would rather not remember at all considering that recollections of that certain person even if it’s considered as delightful (not in the sexual connotation of the word) brings agonizing memories which would eventually set off bad vibes that could ruin the day.

For those who haven’t experienced such it is something to aim or look forward to if ever that someone would arrive. Hopefuls (or hope-fools which ever is the case) that more often than not create their own (fairy tale) scenes of passionate and romantic devotion to each other.

As for those who are just not so into those stuff since their lives revolve around themselves and how they would survive the dog-eat-dog world coupled with some tragic-paranoia-conspiracy theory views on people surrounding them, these dealings are just lavish and wasteful acts to perform.

Generally speaking, these alleged romantic actions are either done at the courtship phase or at the onset of the relationship, worse not at all – just pure engagement in lustful and sexual acts. Sometimes it also depends how the person perceives a certain action to label it as such. Romantic actions generates a certain feeling of euphoria even if it’s just for a very, very short period which is the primary reason why most people seek to come into contact with (ala meeting the ET ang dating).

Given that you are in a relationship or you would be (or wanted however fate doesn’t allow you to), would you not want to experience one or do something (for reciprocity’s sake) for that someone?

It could be something quite extraordinary or just something not far from the usual, but it boils down to making someone feel that their very special in your life even for just a moment.

Be Happy

ANTO COMETA

Do you really mean those words or just mere utterance by virtue of habit? Quite the opposite with the actions you do to the words you say.

Not sharing my thoughts most of the time doesn’t mean that I’m holding back things for my own gain. I would rather be quite about those than to start an argument which can never be settled. Both of us are just too arrogant to admit our flaws, way too proud to admit defeat. You said it yourself.

I could never blame you as to what you’ve become, how you look at things and your view on the relationship. You told me that you have been regaining your self-worth. I’m happy that you do. I know that there’s far to be mad about than those which should be cherished.

Have you recovered from those painful, heartrending memories? Those memories that are nothing more than what they were. Don’t you think that you’re just happy with the thought of being devoted to someone, affection to one which you can consider yours alone?

Very frustrating – I don’t know what to think, I don’t want to speculate.

For whatever its worth, be happy. There’s no other way but to be.

Uncertainty 3

ANTO COMETA

Why?

It’s been over five months.

You said that I have a choice, but you know that I already made one. If you meant was for me to change what I have decided on, that’s quite far from what I have in mind. Apparently, I’m not making another one, but to understand why I made it in the first place.

It wasn’t really an easy kind of thing to do to think that the web of complications surrounding the whole situation combined with a lot of apprehension from my end and as well as yours could only tell instability or vagueness from start to finish. It was indeed a wrong start. I couldn’t blame you if you have been stained by negativity and cynicism. But it doesn’t mean that you have the right reasons for such conclusions.

There were a lot of contradictions I’ve made, perhaps this one is another. The whole scheme of things is just something I don’t fully discern. I’m not also sure if you understand my predicament and the feelings I have right now and the things that I’ve been frequently thinking about.

It’s been a while that I have noticed that you were drifting away. Sudden changes on your behavior have been surfacing. I don’t want to think about it since I don’t want to pass judgment on those actions. But why do you go on? Why do I persist? Is it really the thing we’ve been telling each other or is just the yearning for forged romanticism?

Let me know if you have your answer.

TINDIG SOLAIR – Maraming Salamat!

ANTO COMETA

I would like to thank all those who supported TINDIG SOLAIR, the slate won all the council seats in the first UP SOLAIR Graduate Student Council Elections. In behalf of the UP SOLAIR Graduate Student Council for 2008 - 2009, maraming maraming salamat!

UP SOLAIR Graduate Student Council 2008 -2009

Chairperson - McRhon Banderlipe I, Vice-Chairperson - Jef Baraquio (Students' Rights and Welfare), Councilors - Jab Bandayrel (Extension Program), Anto Cometa (Education, Research and Popular Struggle), Anne Milla (Publicity), Mischa Millar (Finance) and Bammer Pilar (Secretariat and Logistics).

“Isang konsehong naglilingkod, nagbubuo, nakikilahok at tumutugon sa ika-100 taon”

Just and Humane Actions

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I’ll just be brief about this personal entry.

"The preservation of Roman Catholic views is not pegged by discrimination in any form but through just and humane actions."

This is the last line of the memo I drafted prior to this entry. It just hit me when I realized that were people who deem themselves as righteous by invoking Roman Catholic views and principles in their actions and judgments whereas they themselves are the ones sullying the views and principles they deem revered by the same actions and judgments they carried out.

Although the abovementioned line was used in a different context in the memo, the meaning remains universal.

It is of highest gratitude to those people I got acquainted before who made me understand that people like them deserved what they got.

A-ding and Bato… A-darna: A Short Entry Not Related to Labor and Industrial Relations in Any Way

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Jef and I just finished drinking at Kyusinero, an establishment a couple of meters away from Tree House along Matalino Street in Diliman area. It was around 2:30 in the morning when we decided to call it a night (or day - since it’s already morning). We didn’t have any plans of going there but since our favorite drinking spots within the village – Tree House and Taberna Ocho (along Maginhawa Street) were already closed, we were forced to drink there. Actually, we didn’t have any plans of drinking at all since we were already exhausted after doing the paper to be passed to one of our subjects in graduate school that week. However, due to the irresistible craving for alcohol (as always) we were hauled to that place. The place was ok, in fact it was better than we initially thought – food was cheaper compared to Tree House and they close at 4:00 in the morning. It was really a good deal. We stayed there for almost two hours talking crap and disclosing my problems regarding my personal life.

Jef decided to take the route to Kalayaan Avenue on our way home (good ol’ neighbors) when he noticed a new establishment at the right side of the road just across BPI Kalayaan. I looked at it and said – “Yeah, kabubukas lang n’yan two weeks ago, Adarna”. He suddenly exclaimed “A-darna” as if shouting like a local female super hero. I said “teka, dapat ganito, A-ding ang bato… A-darna”. Both of us laughed hard. We made fun of the establishment’s name and even connecting it with an Ilocano (or northern language) word. Obviously, it was a corny remark, but the two of us laughed as if it was really funny. On second thought, it was quite hilarious (on our standards) since we laughed.

Uncertainty 2

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Choices are those we make for circumstances that need to (or need not) be decided. Whether we choose to come to a decision or not, it will still have an effect on the current situation that the individual is in. But why is it quite hard to make a choice? I always know the answer, and that’s the reason I wrote this entry.

I never thought I would have another entry that would turn out to be similar to what I wrote before for my sister. I could still remember that night (or should I say morning) when she begged and had given me two sticks of cigarettes (which I asked) in exchange for a one-page paper for her class. I usually don’t write schmaltzy articles, I would rather read those that were written by others than to compose one.

As I finished writing this, I just realized that I smoked ten; five times more than I had when I wrote the first.

The Choice of Uncertainty

You sail again the waters of uncertainties. But this time, it’s more perilous and far more complicated. Coupled with anxieties that you cannot fully explain but you strongly feel.

Several times you have fallen, endured the torment, already cognizant of what should be done the next time you stumble upon the same situation and yet you still haven’t set the course of your life accordingly. The problem is you refuse to learn. How can you set the path when you’re confronted with denial? It’s like a splinter in one’s mind that drives an individual mad. Now, you are strained to make a choice before it turns into complete lunacy. The choice to be made would be the choice that would conclude everything.

But a choice is not an end but a means in achieving an end, an end which in itself uncertain. Why make a choice when you don’t know what to expect after making a choice? A more convoluted question would be, why make a choice when you are unsure what choice to make. There’s only one answer I have in mind, and that is - by not making a choice you have already decided the outcome. Making a choice is the most that an individual could do and the least that could be expected. Everything begins and ends with a choice.

Making a choice is the initial phase in removing the uncertainties that you have. What lies ahead is not something to be terrified of but something to look forward to and be prepared to deal with. I’ve said before that it doesn’t really matter how long the travel would be or the obstacles to be encountered throughout the voyage. What’s more important is that you’re still on the course and nearing towards the destination.

At this point, if I make a choice, would it put an end to the uncertainties that I have in mind? How could a choice make things fall in its proper place, its proper perspective, on the right track? The choices one makes are the choices that will set one’s path (whatever that is). Apparently, uncertainty is not the dilemma but making the choice itself.

Romanticizing Dunlop’s View of an Industrial Relations System: Fortifying the Standards of Living (Part 1)

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Stability and contentment are two of the major concerns that an individual would want to have particularly for those consumed by society’s repression and inequalities. Elevating an individual’s condition in terms of his status in both socio-economic and personal is a daunting task since numerous factors both internal and external necessitates high consideration prior to executing the decisions (to be) made.

Costing the operational costs to run your life seems to be the most pragmatic approach or method to do yet it appears to lack essence as you (want to) move forward or as you unify institutional views with your personal needs. Perversions of current notions, beliefs and ideologies consummated into actions are at the most that you could perform to satisfy the yearning yet not totally disregarding the normative principles set by society.

A lot of people are under the impression that defiance of institutional standards could lead to progressive modification of the existing paradigm. However, the basis seems to fall short of facts as society has proven its influence, power and control despite the shifting trends. Does defiance modify the paradigm, or does one have to demolish in order to create a new one?

The concepts of stability and contentment are by-products derived from the common ideologies and beliefs shared by individuals involved in a certain system. These ideas are the key elements that integrate the system as functional unit of society. Changing the paradigm necessitates a major shift in the existing ideological equilibrium. Consequently, this will create a new set of rules within the entire system that will characterize and delineate the position(s), function(s) and relationship(s) of the actors within the system.

There are risks that should be calculated and highly considered prior to deciding as to what should be done to rectify or uplift one’s existence. Those risks are the things that are responsible for the stagnation or alteration of one’s being. Whatever the (preferred) outcome, it’s the individual’s choice to make.

The Drinking Bender after the Midterm Exam

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Results from the midterm exam in IR 201 were already out. I didn’t know that until Cathe text messaged stating that Dr. Bach Macaraya was already distributing the midterm papers in class. At the time she informed me, I was on my way to UP SOLAIR. I was with my drunk dad whom I asked to drive me to school. We were stuck in heavy traffic at Philcoa. After receiving that text from Cathe I was a bit uneasy and wanted the car to fly in order to get to UP SOLAIR in an instant. I received a text message again but this time it was from Jef. He asked if I would like to go out after class with Pau, Bam and Gracey to celebrate Pau’s recent break up with her boyfriend.

When I arrived at the school I immediately went to the classroom. Obviously I was late and it was so evident because there was a group reporting in front and the class for some reason was so quiet although the topic of the report was very mind stimulating – “Strategic Choice of Multi National Companies”. When I entered the class everyone looked at me as if they saw an extra terrestrial life form entering earth. I immediately sat down and looked at Cathe who was seated across - smirking. I was seated beside one of the reporters, Mani. It’s a pseudonym I invented since I don’t want to disclose his real identity because he’s an established person in his field. After a couple of minutes I received a text message, it was from Cathe. She was asking me how it feels to be seated with Mani – the person we were so irritated with since day 1 of that particular class. I smiled and replied “feels like heaven”.

After 40 minutes, the uneasiness got worse not because I was seated beside Mani (actually he was so nice to me and even offered chocolates, which I didn’t refuse, well, at first I did but he was insistent so I did get some) but mainly because the people beside me were looking at their papers. I snapped. So I asked Mani if we could have a 10-minute break before they start their next topic. In order to get the attention and relay the request to their group mate who was currently reporting, he interrupted the lecture and said, “break daw” the reporter replied “huh, ano, break? break na tayo? It got the attention of our professor and told the class to have a fifteen-minute break. Before I proceeded to have the break, I approached Dr. Macaraya and asked for my paper. I was quite nervous to see the grade that he gave. When he handed over the paper, the foremost thing I noticed were remarks in red. I thought those were terrible comments, but when I looked closely, the remarks stated “ok” and some very critical points that he thought I should have covered and discussed in my paper. When I flipped the last page, it was a relief for me, I got 1.75.

I took my break with two of my “council of elders” (Bossing Jess and Cathe – peace mga friends!) together with Elo. We went to the hut beside the pond inside the school and smoked. We were discussing some things which were mostly not related to industrial relations. We lost track of the time - since we were laughing our hearts out because of some jokes and stuff that Cathe and Elo did while Mani and his group mates were reporting. When we went back to the classroom, the reporter in front was already discussing the conclusion. It was very embarrassing - it was really evident that we didn’t want to pay attention to their report.

After the class, we went to Tree House (a restaurant along Matalino St. which is within our village). We ordered the good stuff – red wine, although the brand of the wine is cheap, nonetheless it’s still the good stuff. All of us were there except Pau. Pau went home after their class but according to Jef she was already on her way to join us. Around 10pm, after we had dinner and a couple of (or several) bottles of wine which made almost everyone tipsy except for Gracie (she never really drinks alcohol, she prefers the Chuckie chocolate drink over alcohol) who just had a glass of wine because we forced her, Pau arrived. She immediately ordered a bottle of beer and briefly discussed their break up, no details though. After an hour then came the “MU” (the label is so childlike – well I don’t know how to label their ongoing relationship). We talked to the guy to make him feel comfortable. Well to start with, the situation is already uncomfortable since he was introduced to the friends of the girl she’s courting, not to mention that all of us had this look as if we wanted to tie him up at the chair he’s currently sitting with a shotgun pointed at his head (or was it just me and Bam - biro lang 'to) and make him confess if his motive is just to fornicate with our friend. Nonetheless we made him feel comfy since we love our friend (hehe - seriously, but not the intimate type).

It was already midnight when Pau and the MU decided to go ahead. We stayed there for several minutes to discuss our personal assessments about the guy. Me, Bossing Jess and Bam had the same view about the guy – he’s just for that thing. Well, as if we can do something about it (if ever yun nga) but Cathe was quite worried after hearing our assessment, so she text messaged Pau to be careful (hmmm…) and be sound on her decisions. The exchange of views and the worrying didn’t stop even after the restaurant closed so we went to a nearby canteen selling baka soup – Tangkoy’s, that’s along Kalayaan Avenue near Tree House. By the way, their baka soup was one of the best that I tasted. Even though I’m so tipsy or scatterbrained I could still discern Cathe’s anxiety. The discussion continued while eating (or sipping) baka soup. When I looked at Cathe I noticed that her MP3 headphones were soaked in the soup. So I stood up and removed the headphones from the soup. Cathe just stared at me. After finishing our soups we decided to go home since all of us are quite exhausted and to an extent drunk (and the discussions were going nowhere).

I really don't know what happened to the rest after I entered Jef's car, all I know was that it was another ecstatic day for me, thanks to the wine... and friends of course.

Writers and Article Contributors - The Philippine Industrial Relations

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